TRIUMPH IAS ACADEMY MUMBAI

For online source on Indian History ,check out  following link http://www.indhistory.com/ - Triumph IAS Academy

Visit this site for more info on climate change http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/

Hi Friends The following is the booklist that will help you crack CSAT 2012 1) Pearson CSAT Manual - its especially prepared for paper II 2)Pearson General Studies Manual  - For Paper I a compiled source for most of the topics These two books can cover most of CSAT syllabus,so check them out!!!!! -Triumph IAS Academy

Wish you all a happy republic day!!!!! The Constitution of India was adopted on 26th November 1949 and came into effect from 26th January 1950. The Independence Day celebrates Freedom from british rule but the exact rules and laws came into existence from Republic Day,it confirmed that India was no longer a British Dominion and a Free Country run by its own people. Dr B.R Ambedkar was the chairman of the drafting committee of the Constitution  The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. finally India became Republic on 26th Jan 1950

Hi Friends, Detailed and correct information regarding constitution of India is available in the given below website http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/welcome.html For online reference you can use it and books like D.D Basu,Laxmikant and special issue of Wizard can be used

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http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/five-hoysala-temples-off-the-tourist-map.html

General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a packet -based wireless communication service that promises data rates from 56 up to 114 Kbps and continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users. The higher data rates allow users to take part in video conferences and interact with multimedia Web sites and similar applications using mobile handheld devices as well as notebook computers. GPRS is based on Global System for Mobile ( GSM ) communication and complements EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment) is a faster version the Global System for Mobile ( GSM ) wireless service designed to deliver data at rates up to 384 Kbps and enable the delivery of multimedia and other broadband applications to mobile phone and computer users. The EDGE standard is built on the existing GSM standard, using the same time-division multiple access ( TDMA ) frame structure and existing cell arrangements. Ericsson notes that its base stations can be updated with software. EDGE b...

Green Climate Fund In order to scale up the provision of long-term financing for developing countries, Governments at COP 16 in Cancun decided to establish a Green Climate Fund. The fund will support projects, programmes, policies and other activities in developing country Parties using thematic funding windows. A Transitional Committee selected by Parties to the UNFCCC will design the details of the new fund, which will be designated as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention and will be accountable to the Technology Mechanism The new Technology Mechanism is expected to facilitate enhanced action on technology development and transfer to support action on mitigation and adaptation. The Mechanism consists of two key components: a Technology Executive Committee and a Climate Technology Centre and Network . COP Cancun Adaptation Framework The objective of the  Cancun Adaptation Framework  is to enhance action on adaptation, includ...

Parties The Convention divides countries into three main groups according to differing commitments: Annex I Parties include the industrialized countries that were members of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) in 1992, plus countries with economies in transition (the EIT Parties), including the Russian Federation, the Baltic States, and several Central and Eastern European States. Annex II Parties consist of the OECD members of Annex I, but not the EIT Parties. They are required to provide financial resources to enable developing countries to undertake emissions reduction activities under the Convention and to help them adapt to adverse effects of climate change. In addition, they have to "take all practicable steps" to promote the development and transfer of environmentally friendly technologies to EIT Parties and developing countries. Funding provided by Annex II Parties is channelled mostly through the Convention’s financial mechanism. ...

1.Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked with UNFCCC. 2.It sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and European community to reduce Green house Gas(GHG) emissions. 3.These amounts to an average of five percent against the 1990 levels for the period of five years 2008-2012. 4.Kyoto protocol was adopted in kyoto,Japan in 1997 and came in to force in 2005. 5. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “Marrakesh Accords.” 6.Kyoto mechanisms are i Clean Development Mechanism ii Emissions Trading iii Joint Implementation

With the coming of the Janata Party into power at the Centre in 1977, a serious view was taken of the weaknesses in the functioning of Panchayati Raj. It was decided to appoint a high-level committee under the chairmanship of Ashok mehta to examine and suggest measures to strengthen PRIs(Panchayati Raj Institutions). The Committee had to evolve an effective decentralised system of development for PRIs.  They made the following recommendations . • The district is a viable administrative unit for which planning, co-ordination and resource allocation are feasible and technical expertise available, • PRIs as a two-tier system, with Mandal Panchayat at the base and Zilla Parishad at the top, • the PRIs are capable of planning for themselves with the resources available to them, • district planning should take care of the urban-rural continuum, • representation of SCs and STs in the election to PRIs on the basis of their population, • four-year term of PRIs, • participation of ...

The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the working of the Community Development Programme(1952) The Chairman of this committee was Balwantrai G Mehta . The committee submitted its report in November 1957 and recommended the establishment of the scheme of 'democratic decentralisation' which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj . Establishment of a 3-tier Panchayati Raj system-Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level. The village Panchayat should be constituted with directly elected representatives, whereas the Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad should be constituted with indirectly elected members. All planning and developmental activities should be entrusted to these bodies. The Panchayat Samiti should be the executive body while the Zila Parishad should be the advisory, coordinating and supervisory body. The District ...

Tutorial 1 Use the formula ALL FROM 9 AND THE LAST FROM 10 to perform instant subtractions. For example 1000 - 357 = 643 We simply take each figure in 357 from 9 and the last figure from 10. So the answer is 1000 - 357 = 643 And thats all there is to it! This always works for subtractions from numbers consisting of a 1 followed by noughts: 100; 1000; 10,000 etc. Similarly 10,000 - 1049 = 8951 For 1000 - 83, in which we have more zeros than figures in the numbers being subtracted, we simply suppose 83 is 083. So 1000 - 83 becomes 1000 - 083 = 917 Tutorial 2 Using VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE you do not need to the multiplication tables beyond 5 X 5. Suppose you need 8 x 7 8 is 2 below 10 and 7 is 3 below 10. Think of it like this: The answer is 56. The diagram below shows how you get it. You subtract crosswise 8-3 or 7 - 2 to get 5, the first figure of the answer. And you multiply vertically: 2 x 3 to get 6, the last figure of the answer. That's all you do: See...

Indian soil has been divided into four categories: (i) Alluvial Soil; (ii) Red Soil; (iii) Black Soil; (iv) Laterite Soil. Alluvial Soil: Is found in Punjab, U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. Red Soil: Is found in Tamil Nadu, Mysore, some portions of West Bengal, U.P. and half of Rajasthan. Black Soil: Covers Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra. Cotton, wheat, linseed and gram are grown in this soil. Laterite Soil: Is found in Madhya Pradesh and Assam etc.

Non Co-operation movement Suspension of the Rowlatt Satyagraha by Gandhiji caused much resentment among some of the national leaders. The repressive measures adopted by the British were also responsible for the slow pace of the national movement. Meanwhile rise in the price level following the First World War was also causing much hardship to the people. All these factors combined together to inaugurate a new chapter in the freedom movement. Here was the beginning of the Non-violent Non Co-operation movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.   Causes and Objectives of the Movement: The four underlying causes of the Non Co-operation were: 1. People's resentment against the Rowlatt Act 2 . People's reaction to the ghastly massacre at the Jallianwalabag 3. the demand for Swaraj jointly raised by the Moderates under the Extremists 4. The possibility of a Hindu- Muslim joint movement on the Khilafat question. The Non Co­operation movement launched on the basis o...

  Bioremediation is the use of microorganism metabolism to remove pollutants.     Some examples of bioremediation technologies are phytoremediation , bioventing , bioleaching , landfarming , bioreactor , composting , bioaugmentation , rhizofiltration , and biostimulation .     Rhodococcus rhodochrous, B. subtilis  is a bacterium used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture     Soil inoculants are bacteria or fungi that are added to soils in order to improve plant growth by either: The most commonly used soil inoculants are rhizobacteria that live symbiotically with legumes such as peas , beans , etc. These bacteria live within specialized nodules on the root systems of legumes, where they process atmospheric nitrogen into a form available for the plants to use. Another group of common soil inoculants are mycorrhizal fungi, which attach to the roots of many plant species and help conduct water and nutrients for the ...

METAMORPHIC ROCKS Amphibolite —High-grade rock, typically a hornblende schist. Blueschist —Rock made by high-grade metamorphism in subduction zones. Cataclasite —A ground-up rock found in fault zones. Eclogite —The most extreme metamorphic rock you can find. Gneiss —Banded, tough, it forms the lower crust. Greenschist —Rock made by low-grade metamorphism of various rock types. Greenstone —A dark rock made by metamorphism of basalt. Hornfels —Tough and fine-grained, it forms where igneous rocks cook it. Marble —The metamorphic version of limestone. Migmatite —A swirly rock produced by extreme metamorphism. Mylonite —A milled and melted rock from deep in fault zones. Phyllite —Shiny, colorful rock made by metamorphism of slate. Quartzite —Rugged rock made by metamorphism of sandstone. Schist —Striped rock made by metamorphism of mudstones. Serpentinite —Green, scaly metamorphosed ocean crust. Slate —Platy rock made by early metamorphism of shale. Soapstone —Soft and carva...

  SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Agate —A semiprecious chert of infinite variety. Alabaster —A white gypsum stone long prized for sculpture. Arkose —A raw sandstone made from eroded granite. Asphalt —Natural, from a natural oil seep. Banded Iron Formation —Extremely ancient "tiger iron." Breccia —Rock made from broken rocks, breccia has many forms. Chert —A common siliceous rock type with much variety. Coal —The original fossil fuel. Conglomerate —Rocks made with extra-big grains. Coquina —A limestone made from shell fragments. Diamictite —Rock made of poorly sorted land sediment. Dolomite —An altered near-twin of limestone. Graywacke —An impure sandstone also called wacke. Gypsum Rock —A crusty chunk from a Nevada roadside. Limestone —The greatest carbon-bearing rock. Peat —Brown, vegetative precursor to coal. Rock Salt —The only edible stone. Sandstone —Where sand goes to and comes from. Shale —Rock made from mud and clay. Siltstone —Made from sediment finer than san...

IGNEOUS ROCK Aa —A rugged form of basalt lava. Andesite —The typical intermediate arc lava. Anorthosite —A rare plutonic feldspar-only rock. Basalt —A bubbly, crystally chunk of this igneous rock from Kilauea. Diorite —A plutonic rock between granite and gabbro. Dunite —A plutonic rock made of straight olivine. Felsite —The volcanic version of granite. Gabbro —The crystallized, plutonic version of basalt. Granite —The rock that makes up the bulk of the continents. Granodiorite —Almost diorite, except that this rock has quartz. Komatiite —A rare and ancient ultramafic lava. Lapillistone —A volcanic rock formed of little ash balls. Latite —A dark lava, the extrusive version of monzonite. Obsidian —A useful volcanic glass. Pahoehoe —Smooth-skinned flows of basalt lava. Pegmatite —The igneous rocks with the biggest crystals. Peridotite —Dark, dense, rarely seen rock from the Earth's mantle. Perlite —A lightweight volcanic rock of great usefulness. Porphyry —An igneou...